• provide an analytical framework and tools capturing the complexity and heterogeneity of EU value chain structures, in particular relative to:
  • their length (number of intermediaries from the input industry to the consumers);
  • their scale (global, EU, national or local);
  • the degree and forms of vertical coordination;
  • the degree and forms of horizontal coordination between farmers;
  • the degree of concentration of operations at all stages;
  • the degree of product (quality) differentiation.
• the framework should include a consolidated conceptualisation such that it can be adapted to represent the diversity of cases within and between sectors. The framework should also be sustained with empirical evidence and data to the maximum extent;
• apply the developed analytical framework and tools to empirically model production costs, price formation, price transmission, risk, cost and economic value distributions, and profit margins along selected value chains, and to characterise sources of market failures and occurrence of unfair trading practices. Proposals should consider different economic contexts (e.g., high/low prices, different patterns of price volatilities, etc.);
• develop and/or improve adequate indicators and collect the necessary data to improve the assessment of farmers bargaining power with upstream and downstream operators of value chains in analytical tools and models;
• explore, characterise, and analyse the interactions between value chain operators and the characteristics of value chains affecting farmers’ bargaining and decision-making power, in particular on the type of farm business and structural changes (e.g., farm size, legal form, etc.). The proposed activities should include the analysis of the transaction relationships between farmers and input suppliers, farmers and service providers, and farmers and buyers of agricultural products. Among others, this work should analyse the types of contracts, provisions, clauses, standards, indications and calculations of prices and volumes, and how economic value, costs, and risks are shared among the operators. Proposals are encouraged to analyse whether farmers’ bargaining and decision-making power is affected by socioeconomic characteristics (e.g., gender, age, etc.).
• explore existing and/or propose new policy and business solutions and tools to reinforce farmers bargaining power in value chains. Identify good practices (governance, awareness raising, etc.) for their successful implementation and uptake. Among the possible solutions, proposals should explore:
  • coordination approaches between farmers and/or between farmers and other value chain operators (e.g., form, size, contractual agreements, capacity building, etc.);
  • tools (e.g., data tools, innovative technologies) to increase market transparency and the accessibility and use of information. This should contribute to better inform farmers and consumers on the distribution of costs, prices, economic value, and risks along value chains and improve the fairness and efficiency of agriculture and food markets.

Proposals should develop dissemination materials (e.g., policy briefs, research findings briefs, audio or visual presentations, etc.) summarising the results of key deliverables to facilitate the uptake of R&I outputs by decisionmakers in policy or business contexts.